Neonatal Physiology

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Upon birth, neonates are often cyanotic, which is an entirely normal condition. The immature circulatory system in neonates is the reason for this condition. Before birth, the ductus arteriosus, which connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery, is still in the fetus, but after birth, it begins to constrict, forcing blood to leave the heart through the pulmonary artery and go to the lungs for oxygenation. When fully constricted, the ductus becomes a ligament.



Basic physiology of a neonate



The basic physiology of a newborn includes several key body functions. As the baby is in its first few weeks, its nervous system undergoes rapid development. It has a longer soft palate, a morphological configuration that facilitates the sucking reflex. In addition, a newborn has an extrusion reflex, which responds to solid material placed in the mouth. This reflex disappears after about four to six months, when it is replaced by rhythmic biting movements.



In a Neonate , the cardiovascular system is well developed. Blood pressure is controlled by the nervous system. It also shows mature physiology. The neonate's pulmonary blood pressure is high, but soon falls to mature levels. The heart rate is rapid, which allows the newborn to stay warm by breaking down brown adipose tissue. The first breast milk floods the sterile gastrointestinal tract with beneficial bacteria. These bacteria eventually establish themselves as bacterial flora and aid digestion.



Physical examination of a neonate



The basic physical examination of a newborn includes measurements of the length, head circumference, and weight. It also involves assessing the radial and dorsalis pedis pulses. All neonates must undergo hearing tests by the time they are one month old, including the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAE). The clinician must also review the newborn's pregnancy, labor, delivery, and prenatal testing.



The examination begins with abdominal palpation while the infant is supine. The examiner should avoid exerting downward pressure or percussion before attempting abdominal palpation. The examiner should also gently palpate the femoral and brachial pulses. The final maneuver of the physical examination involves an evaluation of the mouth and throat. This maneuver is the most upsetting to a newborn. The examiner should be extremely gentle when performing this procedure.



Lung surfactant



The goal of lung surfactant administration in the newborn is to prevent pulmonary hyperperfusion and protect the immature lungs. Because of this, several investigators have recommended the prophylactic use of lung surfactant after resuscitation in neonates who were born at less than 27 weeks' gestation. The surfactant is a modified natural substance that spreads out into the air sacs in the lungs and reduces the risk of pneumothorax.



Surfactant replacement is a common method for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in infants. In addition to improving clinical outcomes, surfactant administration is also effective for infants who are at high risk for the syndrome. In addition, prophylactic surfactant administration is useful for preterm infants and neonates who are 30 to 32 weeks of gestation. On the other hand, selective surfactant administration is effective for infants who already have respiratory distress syndrome.



Hypothermia



Neonatal hypothermia is a major health concern and affects millions of children worldwide. The prevalence of neonatal hypothermia has increased in low-resource settings such as developing countries. Despite this, most neonates survive. To help decrease the global burden of neonatal mortality, research is needed to determine the causes and potential interventions. In the current study, the authors investigated the factors that can cause neonatal hypothermia.



Neonatal hypothermia is often associated with night delivery. The temperature difference between day and night increases the risk of neonatal hypothermia. This is particularly dangerous for newborn infants during cold nights. In addition, a lack of labor ward staff is a risk factor for neonatal hypothermia. And in a resource-poor setting, access to evidence-based practice is often difficult.



Treatment of perinatal asphyxia



Treatment of perinatal asphyxia in newborns is an extremely challenging issue. While neurological intensive care has greatly improved in the past decade, new promising treatments are currently being evaluated for prevention of the neurological consequences of birth asphyxia. While further animal studies will be necessary to prove whether these treatments are safe for use in human newborns, the potential benefits of these treatments are very promising. This article will discuss the latest treatments for perinatal asphyxia in neonates.



The outlook of survivors of perinatal asphyxia in neonatal asphyxia depends on how long they were without oxygen. Some babies survive without any consequences while others suffer from long-term disabilities and permanent brain damage. Worldwide, asphyxia neonatorum is one of the leading causes of brain damage and death among newborns. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 900,000 newborns die of asphyxia each year, most of them in developing countries. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for minimizing the potential complications.



Treatment of sepsis



Sepsis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. A study conducted by the NICHD Neonatal Research Network found that 16.7% of newborns were infected with late-onset nosocomial sepsis. The causes of high mortality in this group are not fully understood, but the high morbidity and mortality from sepsis suggest that antibiotic therapy is not sufficient to reverse systemic inflammation and organ injury.



The primary goal of this study is to investigate different clinical manifestations of neonatal sepsis, as well as the factors that contribute to the development of common neonatal complications. It will provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of sepsis in neonates. The study collects data on 110 septicaemic neonates, compares their clinical characteristics, and performs statistical analysis.